An analysis of variations in style in comparison to Standard English Essay

1. Presentation As in each language there are a wide range of tongue in British English. It has consistently been and keeps on being a language of lingos. Any place one goes in England there are exceptionally evident contrasts between the manners by which individuals talk in better places. This is regularly a major stun for individuals who have been learning Standard English which is the assortment of English that is held to be ‘correct’ as in it shows none of the provincial or different varieties that are considered by some to be ungrammatical, or non-standard English. Non-English school-kids learn SE at school and hope to see each English individual once they enter the nation. In any case, the English they take in at school varies from the language which is being spoken in Britain. Obviously, SE is utilized in the media and by open figures, and subsequently it has notoriety status and is viewed by numerous individuals as the most attractive type of the language.1 In any case, the English don't talk like that †etymological the truth is extraordinary. Not just the words which are being utilized in some cases contrast from Standard English even the linguistic structures differ on occasion. This work attempts to introduce the contrasts between Standard English which is being instructed at German schools and the lingos which are spoken in England. Inside and out these variables may prompt befuddling circumstances on occasion. German school-children could hear words in England which they were advised not to articulate in that manner when they were learning English at school. Hughes and Trudgill2 talk about two different ways of managing the issue of local Britons not having the option to communicate in their own language effectively. They call attention to that for students it isn't pertinent climate their hear right English or not. The issue which their are gone up against with is to comprehend what they get notification from the local speakers and which language-highlights they can adjust into their own discourse. The second point they discuss is if that â€Å"the thought of ‘correctness’ isn't generally valuable or fitting in depicting the language of local speakers.†3 To discover those distinctions I will break down German English books from an Orientierungsstufe4, writing about tongues in Britain just as private sources. I will attempt to break down the hole between German school English a discover potential answers for that issue. 11 Toward the start of my methodology I will introduce a determination of various accents in regards to their local use. In the accompanying point I will investigate Standard English which is being educated in German schools and contrast these outcomes and the accents referenced heretofore. After that I will sum up my methodologies and attempt to discover clarifications as well as could be expected arrangements. 2. The fundamental tongues I need to begin with the introduction of the fundamental tongues of the English language. For this I will adjust the Dialectology of Baugh5 who separates between Northern, West Midlands, East Midlands and Southern. In Old English they were separated into Northumbrian, Mercian, West Saxon and Kentish6. Obviously there are unquestionably more divisions of accents however this would surpass the length of this bit of work. Furthermore, I will finish up Cockney7 in my investigation. 2.1. Northern English This vernacular is likewise knows as Geordie8. The Northeast region contains the urban focuses of Newcastle, Sunderland, Middlesborough and neighboring zones. Trudgill9 characterizes the absolute most popular attributes of the cutting edge Northeast articulation which incorporate the accompanying. As indicated by him the highlight, as we have seen, doesn't have the diphthongal ways to express the long ‘a’ vowel in made, door, face that are progressively commonplace of the south of England, and the equivalent is valid for long ‘o’ as in pontoon, street, load. It very well may be characterized as a particular sort of disentanglement. Rather than the Standard English Combination of two vowels in vessel [b㠯⠿â ½ut] just a single vowel is being utilized: [oo] a similar wonder can be found inside the way to express words like made, which are not being articulated [m㠯⠿â ½id] yet streamlined [mehd]. Trudgill likewise calls attention to that words that have al in the spelling are articulated with a vowel of the sort ‘ah’, so everything is ‘ahl’ and walk is ‘wahk’. A Geordie-joke makes this distinction understood in an interesting manner: A non-Geordie specialist who inquires as to whether he can walk makes the patient deciphers as an inquiry about work ans answers â€Å"Wawk! I can't even wahk yet!† 11 The second piece of the Northern territory, the Lower North and Central North, covers, as indicated by Trudgill, a huge zone extending down from Carlisle to Sheffield and covering Cumbria, the majority of Yorkshire and parts of Lancashire. He calls attention to that this lingo contrasts from the Northeast by not having ‘ee’ in very. 10 Another amazing element he makes reference to is that he Central North likewise contains a sub-region in which an intriguing kind of consonantal change happens in specific conditions. What happens is that the voiced consonants ‘b’, ‘d’, ‘g’, ‘v’, ‘z’ and ‘j’ change to their voiceless partner ‘p’, ‘t’, ‘k’, ‘f’, ‘s’, and ‘ch’ on the off chance that they happen preceding any of these equivalent voiceless consonants.11 The models â€Å"E wood goh† (â€Å"He would go†) and â⠂¬Å"E woot coom† (â€Å"He would come†). They would articulate the articulation â€Å"I don’t know† like â€Å"I doont noo†. Another point is that this vernacular is very like the highlight Indians or Pakistanis have when they talk English. A significant number of these colloquial highlights additionally show up in their articulation. These mutual highlights could be investigated in future for the Asian people group in Britain is expanding consistently is developing. Which words, articulations are being brought into English through them would be fascinating to discover. 2.2. West Midlands The focal town for this complement is Liverpool. for the emphasize is unmistakable for this zone called Merseyside. It has been predominantly impacted by Irish outsiders during the nineteenth century. Hughes/Trudgill12 depict the Liverpool emphasize characterizing a few highlights of which I will specify a couple. 1. a) There is no complexity between sets of words like put and putt, both being articulated [put]. b) [㠯⠿â ½] happens in words like move, ridiculous and so forth [†¦] c) Words like book and cook have the vowel [u:] 2. Dissimilar to in other northern urban accents (however in a similar manner as Newcastle), the last vowels of words like city and undesirable is [i:] 3. An overall uncommonness of glottal stop happens. 4. [h] is generally missing, yet is once in a while present (him a her) 5. The postfix - ing is [in] 11 2.3. East Midlands In view of own experience I can say that one of the most clear markers for the East Midland pronunciation can be characterized as a sort of parallelism to German which likewise show up in the Liverpool highlight on occasion. The word transport, for example, isn't being articulated [bas] yet [bus]. Here, the vowel [u] is being articulated a similar route as in German. A similar marvel can be found in words like. Another marker for East Midland inflection is the way to express the vowel mix [oe] like in shoes, where it is being changed to [㠯⠿â ½] †[sh㠯⠿â ½z]. Speakers around there may even have short ‘e’ toward the finish of words like coffeh13. Trudgill makes reference to a symptomatic sentence for this zone: â€Å"Veri few cahs mayd it up the long ill.†14 2.4. Southern English A portion of these colloquial highlights of Southern English are like the welsh complement. Trudgill states that the Bristol discourse is renowned for the nearness in this complement of a wonder called the â€Å"Bristol I†. He clarifies that in the Bristol region, words, for example, America, India, Diana, Gloria are articulated with a last ‘I’. Without a doubt, outsiders would be very befuddled hearing words like Americal, Indial and Dianal. This element may be a consequence of hypercorrection, as indicated by Trudgill.15 In the South the glottal stop is exceptionally basic as a way to express ‘t’ which can be found in words like better, water, wager and what. This component can likewise be found in Cockney or Midland regions. Trudgill makes reference to the symptomatic component of the South are the absence of ‘y’ in few, which separates it from all other English locales with the exception of the Northeast, albeit today ‘h’ is quickly being lost.16 He likewise takes note of that it an average factor for East Anglia is â€Å"the absence of differentiation between the vowels of to a great extent, so peer seems as though pair, here like hair and deer like dare.†17 2.5. Cockney Cockney can be considered an extraordinary tongue since it must be found among individuals who live in and around the London zone. Not to mention the name for this highlight is uncommon in light of the fact that it doesn't allude straightforwardly to the area. 11 The term Cockney initially comes from the middles ages where it was applied to a delicate individual, bonehead or an especially feeble man from a town rather than a comrade who was viewed as harder. In the seventeenth century the term changed and came to mean explicitly a Londoner. The six most striking highlights of Cockney are18: 1. r is articulated just when followed promptly by a vowel-sound. In this way, in the showing beneath, no r is articulated in blossoms. (Some New England intonations and Southern U.S. complements have this equivalent component.) 2. h is normally discarded (home in the exhibition words); in unsure discourse it’s verbalized emphatically. 3. l is articulated just when a vowel-sound follows (so no l is articulated in gap, and so forth.). 4. Voiceless th is frequently, however not generally, articulated as f (breath, and so on.). 5. Voiced th is similarly regularly yet not generally articulated as v

Finagle A Bagels’ upside-down organization chart Essay

1.What does Finagle A Bagel’s topsy turvy association outline recommend about the assignment of power and coordination procedures inside the organization? Finagle A Bagels’ topsy turvy association outline recommends that the individuals who are regularly on top, bolster the individuals who are at the base, for example, the head supervisors and laborers. This gives head supervisors the power to take the necessary steps to mitigate issues in their stores or increment deals. 2.Is Finagle A Bagel a tall or level association? How would you know? Finagle A Bagel is a Flat Organization. Level associations by and large are increasingly receptive to client requests since dynamic force might be given to bring down level workers which is the thing that Finagle a bagel does. While tall associations have numerous layers of the board which can make correspondence be mutilated as though spills out of one supervisor to next before arriving at the representative managing the client. 3.What qualities appear to immerse Finagle A Bagel’s corporate culture? The qualities that appear to penetrate Finagles A Bagels’ corporate culture is cooperation, positive hard working attitude and solid an emotionally supportive network. 4.Why would Finagle A Bagel assemble a mixture manufacturing plant that has more limit than the organization needs to flexibly its stores and its discount clients? A motivation behind why Finagle A bagel would assemble a mixture production line that has more limit than the organization needs is represent future business development. By buying an industrial facility that can deliver all the more then what they right now need, they are leaving open the choice of extension without spending more income on another manufacturing plant to make up for development.

Democracy In the Colonies essays

Majority rules system In the Colonies papers Majority rules system existed in the settlements in the New World even at the absolute starting point. Anyway a few states were more vote based than others. The significant thoughts of majority rules system like opportunity of religion, discourse, free market and human rights went to the New World with the primary pioneers, the Puritans. They went to the Americas searching for opportunity and they discovered it. English America be that as it may, was substantially more vote based in the entirety of its perspectives than Spanish America. Politically the English type of government in the Americas followed the majority rule thoughts obviously superior to the Spanish government in its states in the New World. As a matter of first importance the English states didn't have an outright like the Spanish settlements did. The English had a designated British representative, yet most places held town gatherings and that is the manner by which they explained their issues. Everybody had a vote in the choices they made.The Spanish government was going by an abosolute. The congregation additionally had a major command over the individuals, the congregation and the state were essentially one. That challenges every single majority rule thought. In British America the ladies had a few rights, significantly more than in different states. In contrast to the English, in the Spanish states ladies had no rights at all. Truth be told just one gathering of individuals had any rights whatsoever in Spanish America. Those individuals were the Peninsulares, they were conceived in Spain. Again there is a bad situation for majority rule government here, where your cause decides your place in the public arena. In British America the most rights had male landowners and even ladies had a few rights like I meantioned previously. As should be obvious the British pollitical framework is significantly more vote based than the Spanish. The English prudent framework was additionally considerably more vote based than the Spanish. Most importantly it depended on exchange. Exchange was free and the homesteaders even exchanged with the Natives. Exchange was not all around controlled and pirating with France continually occured. In Spanish the encomienda framework was in effec ... <!

RUIZ Surname Meaning and Origin

RUIZ Surname Meaning and Origin Ruiz is a patronymic family name meaning child of Ruy, a short type of the given name Rodrigo. Rodrigo derivesâ from the Germanic name Roderick (Hrodric), from the components hrod, which means eminence and ric, which means power. Ruiz is the 21st most regular Hispanic family name. Family name Origin: Spanish Exchange Surname Spellings: RUIZE, ROIZ, ROIZE, RODRIZ, RUDERIZ Popular People With the Surname Ruiz Josà ©Ã‚ Francisco Ruiz: nineteenth century Texas pioneer and revolutionaryBlas Ruiz: Spanish explorerCarlos Ruiz: Panamanian expert MLB baseball playerBartolomà © Ruiz: Spanish conquistador Where Do People With the Ruiz Surname Live? Ruiz is the 201st most basic family name on the planet, as per last name dispersion information from Forebears, found in most noteworthy numbersâ in Mexico and with the most elevated thickness in Nicaragua. The Rivera family name is likewise regular in Spain (positioned twelfth), Argentina (fourteenth) and Paraguay (seventeenth). Inside Europe, Ruiz is most every now and again found in Spain, concurring to WorldNames PublicProfiler, particularly in the Cantabria district, trailed by the areas of La Rioja, Andalucia, Murcia and Castilla-La Mancha. The family name is likewise normal in Argentina, and found in lesser numbers in France and the United States. Ancestry Resources for the Surname RUIZ 100 Common Hispanic Surnames Their Meanings: Garcia, Martinez, Rodriguez, Lopez, Hernandez... Are you one of the a great many individuals donning one of these main 100 regular Hispanic last names?How to Research Hispanic Heritage: Learn how to begin researchingâ your Hispanic predecessors, including the essentials of family tree research and nation explicit associations, genealogical records, and assets for Spain, Latin America, Mexico, Brazil, the Caribbean and other Spanish speaking countries.Ruiz Family Genealogy Forum: Search this mainstream ancestry discussion for the Ruiz family name to discover other people who may be exploring your progenitors, or post your own Ruiz query.FamilySearch - Ruiz Genealogy: Access over 3.3 million free chronicled records and heredity connected family trees posted for the Ruiz last name and its minor departure from this free parentage site facilitated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Assets and Further Reading Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David. Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket release), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph. Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H. A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

The Book The End of the Wild by Stephen Meyer

The Book “The End of the Wild” by Stephen Meyer The Book “The End of the Wild” by Stephen Meyer Jul 16, 2019 in Book Review The book The End of the Wild by Stephen Meyer touches upon the significant problem of contemporary ecology: endangered species. Nowadays, it is of common knowledge that this problem is becoming more and more serious. The main idea of the author is to demonstrate the paramount importance of it. He proves it providing the fact that “over the next 100 years or so as many as half of the Earth’s species, representing a quarter of the planet’s genetic stock, will either completely or functionally disappear” (Meyer 4). In spite of the fact that Stephen Meyer admits that so-called extinction crisis has already finished, and the “the race to save the composition, structure, and organization of biodiversity as it exists today” (Meyer 5) is lost, the author of the book provides some ways of preventing the situation from becoming worse. The evidence of the thesis on which the book focuses is proved by pure facts. The book is divided into 7 chapters; each of them is de voted to one of the aspects of the author’s point of view. Making a profound analysis of the data provided in the book, it is evident that it is quite informational and thought-provoking, as there is no sentence in the book that does not deal with the current global problem. All passages are structured so that to make the information clear and logically developed for the readers. The first chapter of the book is entitled “The Extinction Crisis Is Over” and can be considered to be an introduction to the whole book, as it states the problem under consideration. The content of the book corresponds to the introduction and the main points that the readership is intended to understand. Furthermore, they are logical and well-developed with the evidence. For instance, in the second chapter, the author demonstrates that the reason for the problem to have become so serious is the understanding of a concept of wildlife. He denotes that “fundamental is the notion of a landscape where the handprint of humanity is invisible â€" and specifically wher e the forces of natural selection smother those of human selection. Chat now Order now The problem is that there is virtually no place left on Earth that fits this definition” (Meyer 8). This statement is proved by clear evidences. For example, the author states that “from the most remote corners of the frozen Arctic to the darkest interiors of the Amazon’s tropical rainforests, the impact of humanity now drives biological systems” (Meyer 9). The tremendous impact of the mankind on the environment comprises three types of causes: “landscape transformation, geochemical modification (pollution), and biotic consumption and manipulation” (Meyer 19). In order to raise the environmental consciousness of the readers, the author gives them quite shocking example. One of them is the following: 80% of “Caribbean corals have died off in the past two decades from diseases fueled by pollution from municipal waste-water treatment plants and agricultural runoff flooding into coastal waters” (Meyer 21). What is more, in his book, Stephen Meyer addresses each reader per sonally. He notifies that modern people demand “instant-on appliances, out-of-season vegetables, and ten-mile-per-gallon armored transports” (Meyer 75). When each reader contemplates these facts, he/she understands that even his/her everyday lifestyle is based on the damage of environment and causing an abundance of species extinction. While discussing the possible ways of making the situation seem acceptable, the author also tries to do his best to make each personality observe the problem that is discussed in the book and desire to take actions. He admits that “the long-term slowing of the impact of human selection is only possible through action that comes from within us as individuals and gains hold as society-wide norms” (Meyer 78). This peculiarity of the author’s style makes the readership understand the seriousness of the problem much better. On the other hand, there are some weak points of the book. The main one is the fact that the same points are repeated several times. For instance, the author focuses on pollution as one of the principal causes of ecological problems in several chapters, whereas it was possible to touch upon the concept of this problem only in one of them.

Biography of Edgar Allan Poe - Free Essay Example

Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most famous authors in history. He is famous for his creepy and mysterious plots. Poe will go down in history, because of The Raven, The Fall of The House of Usher and many more of his writings. His writings were an inspiration for movies and books. Poes works can be compared to many other writers by comparing literary elements that have been put in many other stories. The Scarlet Ibis is an amazing story. It was written by James Hurst and published in 1960. Even though Poe and Hurst lived over a hundred years apart from each other, theY still have much in common. The Scarlet Ibis is about two brothers. One brother is not named. He is the narrator. The other brother is Doodle, who has some sort of disability. Over the years the one brother teaches Doodle to walk, swim and other actions. In the end Doodle dies from some sort of accident in the rain, because his brother left him behind. The theme of sadness from that story is in many Edgar Allan Poe stories. The House of Usher for example. Both stories have a dark theme to them. In both stories people die. Rodrick dies when his sister comes back to life and comes to him. The unnamed narrator describes the scene well. bore him to the floor a corpse (Poe 117). The main character is distraught by this sad event. This is how Poe made his stories sad. He wanted it to be sad. There is a theme of heartbre ak in each. It isnt a main theme in Poes stories, but it shows up many times. Another similar trait with the The Scarlet Ibis and Poes stories are the point of view. The Tall-Tale Heart, The Fall of the House of Usher and The Cask of Amontillado have the same point of view as The Scarlet Ibis. Every one of these stories are from a first person perspective. In The Scarlet Ibis you see the point of view from the brother. In The Tall-Tale Heart, you see the point of view from the unnamed main character. Then in The Cask of Amontillado the narrator is Montresor, while in The Fall of the House of Usher it is also first person. This can be said for most of his stories. It is limited so you do not know what other people except the main character are thinking. Thats what makes these short stories good. There is always a mystery. The plot in the The Man who Sent Rain Clouds has some details that it shares with The Tall-Tale Heart. In The Man who Sent Rain Clouds an old man dies. His grandsons find him. They dont tell the police or the priest that he died. They are hiding that he died only for a short segment for the story. In The Tall-Tale Heart, another person dies. The main character hides the fact that he died. He puts the body under the floorboards, and doesnt tell anyone. First of all I dismember the corpse(Poe 19). He is explaining the process of hiding the body in this example. Poe is trying to show everyone the unstable mind of the man in the short story. Later in the story someone eventually finds out that someone has died. In The Man who Sent Rain Clouds it was the priest and in The Tell-Tale Heart, it was the police. Both main characters in the story have sinned in a way. The man Leon from The Man who Sent Rain Clouds did not go to church every week. But in the other story our character killed a m an. The old mans Hour has come (Poe 19). Then he hid the body under the floorboards. This shows us how wrong the main character is being in this. They have both broken the Ten Commandments. A Days Wait is about a father and his sick son. The Fall of The House of Usher is about a man and his sick friend. The conflict in both stories are the same. There is a sick person with a main character watching over him. They try to comfort their loved one, but it doesnt work. Schatz the sick boy believes he will die any day now, and he is just waiting. That goes the same way for Rodrick the sick friend. Each main character is disturbed at their loved ones state of mind. They try to grasp control of reality, but they can not do it fully. The unnamed character in The Fall of The House of Usher runs away from it all From that chamber, and from that mansion, I fled aghast (Poe 117). This example shows us how he doesnt understand what is going on so he ran. That is also what Poe is trying to convey to us. Edgar Allan Poes short stories are very similar to many other stories surprisingly. There are many more examples of this in other stories. These were just a few. Poes stories can be taken many different ways. They could be sad, scary or comedic to different people. Poe made the stories that way for a reason. He has made many things that everybody still looks up to for ideas. He wanted to be an inspiration, and he accomplished that mission in writing.

Homeless Families Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Homelessness can lead to students to feel disconnected and isolated from school, and they tend to be shy and quiet. This is caused when the homeless person tries to reflect that he or she will never have shelter to live under forever. These lead to psychological issues like low self-esteem, increase in substance abuse, increased chances of involving themselves in crimes, behavioral problems, loss of will and ability to care for himself or herself and increased the danger of violence and abuse, among others. In addition, school attendance is low among the homeless children, this is brought about by frequent moving from one household to another, resulting in students to have to select between options of commuting for long hours or transferring schools. Therefore, it is the responsibility of advocates, educators and the community at large to make sure that these students get the necessary help in school. This can be through the provision of basic needs and other social skills to enable them to lead normal lives minus the fear of being discriminated. Task 2 Interventions may include funding facilities in school so as to provide the basic needs of homeless students, this may include breakfast and lunch provision. We will write a custom essay sample on Homeless Families or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page So, the teacher must make sure that homeless students have their materials and workplace. Instead of being annoyed that their writing desks are disorganized, show them how to organize their stuff more constructively. Moreover, a teacher must also be capable of linking the gap between schools if a homeless student moves. This is done by locating the school the student has moved to and initiate communication with the new teacher and the staff at the school.

When Jazz Stopped Being Cool By John Blake - 1393 Words

In his CNN article, â€Å"When Jazz Stopped Being Cool,† writer John Blake uses the publication of â€Å"Jazz Festival: Jim Marshall,† to reflect on the life and times of Jazz music and the questions of if, how, and when it had died. This book pays tribute to the great quantity and quality of photographical works put forth by the prominent photographer Jim Marshall and contains written contributions by President Bill Clinton and Nat Hentoff, a music critic. Blake explains how Jazz music was shoved from the â€Å"mainstage† and â€Å"eclipsed† by Rock music, among other musical styles, by using three main theories. His first theory is that Jazz music stopped making money in the same manner that it had previously. It was surpassed by Rock album sales which†¦show more content†¦He acknowledges his readers’ understanding and literacy of Jazz culture by passively referencing names of Jazz â€Å"titans†Ã¢â‚¬â€specifically, Miles Davis, Jo hn Coltrane, and Duke Ellington. To further earn his audience’s trust, he uses relevant information and his position to gain credibility. As a writer and producer for CNN Enterprise, he has a credible position since it can be gathered that such a prestigious organization would not be hiring anyone who is less than qualified. He also implements multiple pertinent sources to further his credibility in this article (i.e. Nicholas Payton’s â€Å"Why Jazz Isn’t Cool Anymore† and Scott DeVeaux’s â€Å"Jazz†). He has authority as a writer and knowledge as he uses many credible sources from significant people to convey how and why Jazz lost significance as a musical genre. In Blake’s argument, both the organization and use of evidence are effective. Blake begins his article with statements that are bold, but easily understandable, in order to grab his readers’ attention and draw them into the argument. In his introduction of the essay, he states that â€Å"Jazz is Dead† (Blake) and asks the questions â€Å"How it died?† and â€Å"When it died?†. Making reference to the photos by Jim Marshall in the book, â€Å"Jazz Festival: Jim Marshall,† he talks about how these pictures are demonstrative of the life and times of Jazz in the 1960s, representing both its popularity and its eventualShow MoreRelatedLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesIn 1919, when Langston Hughes was seventeen years old, he spent the summer with his father, Jim Hughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop between Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United States

Discuss the Significance of the Book Title, “Night”

Discuss the significance of the book title, â€Å"Night† In the beginning of the bible, the world was dark. Then God created light in order to make it brighter. However, when the God is not here to protect the light, Night overtook. It is a time of darkness. It is also a place where people cannot see and help each other. Because of the faith in God, the darkness, hopeless of Night, and the period of Night, Elle Wiesel’s famous short novel is called â€Å"Night†, which is very significant for Elle Wiesel as well as the Jews during World War II. Firstly, lots of Jews were addicted to religious books reading because they admired God. While they were in the concentration camp, Jews had†¦show more content†¦After releasing from the police station, Elle’s father told his friends and relatives that, â€Å"The news is terrible, TRANSPORTS!† (Wiesel, P.13). The Jews thought that Hitler had given up his plan about the annihilation of Jews. They relax ed for a few months but Elle’s father had made people scared. They thought the German would kill all of them. After that, most of the Jews were not able to sleep and felt worried about their futures. At the same time, Night also told significant things in the Jews’ minds. One of the most touching things was about Elle’s friends, Juliek. Despite the cold weather during the transportation to another concentration camp, Juliek was persistently playing violin and he played a song during the night time. Elle mentioned in the book, â€Å"The darkness enveloped us. All I could hear was the violin, and it was as if Juliek’s soul had become his bow.† (Wiesel, P.95). It was important as many people in the concentration camp had lost their friends, families, or even interests. However, Juliek didn’t lose his interest in playing violin and his persistence became much stronger than German’s weapons. Night was symbolic in the Jews’ minds. It emphasised the helpless of the Jews, but at the same time, Night also witnessed lots of important things in the camp, which made them unforgettable. On the whole, the reasons why this book is called â€Å"Night† is because it had symbolised darkness,Show MoreRelatedHeat of the Night Questions Essay1357 Words   |  6 PagesStudy Questions: I n The Heat of the Night by John Ball Chapter 1 1. What descriptive details does the author use to make it clear that the setting of the story is a small town? 2. The character of Sam Wood is developed in several instances in Chapter 1. Discuss and develop his character by referring to: a) his opinion of his job b) the reference to killing the dog c) the Delores Purdy incident d) the conversation with the night worker at the restaurant e)Read MoreLiterary Analysis Of August Strindberg s Play Miss Julie1706 Words   |  7 Pages actor, and theatrical theorist, Jeremy Rockwood. The first quote comes to us from Marx s Manifesto of the Communist Party, â€Å"The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles,† (Lermert 43). The second from Rockwood’s book The Craftsmen of Dionysus: An Approach to Acting, â€Å"An exact duplication of real life is not the purpose of the theatre—nor of any art. In order to present his special insight, the artist selects, heightens, distorts.† Concerned with the treatmentRead MoreDiscuss With Class The Characteristics Of 19th Century Classical Russian Music1815 Words   |  8 PagesPreparation For Activities xx provide more information Discuss with class the characteristics of 19th century classical Russian Music. Discuss Russian composers, in particular â€Å"The Five† or â€Å"The Mighty Handful† ( Mousorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Borodin, Cui and Balakirev). Play selections/excerpts of pieces by Russian composers and have students describe characteristics of the music they hear. Discuss particular instrumentation, tone colors. Discuss how Russian music was often based on stories, charactersRead MoreHistory Of American Comic Comics Superheroes1191 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of American Comic Book Superheroes. Before they become significant box-office phenomena and debut for TV serious, superheroes were short stories in printed media. Supermen, Batman, Captain America, Wonder Woman †¦were comic books superheroes. The idea of superheroes was long existed. However, as many comic books historians agreed, The Phantom, published in February 17, 1936, is considered to be the first comic book costumed hero. Since then, comic books superheroes were booming. In the mid-1940sRead MoreA Brief Look at Terrence Vincent Powderly1461 Words   |  6 Pageswas due to internal conflict within the organization’s leaders, though he still stood for the beliefs of the organization and continued to make a stance for the working class. Two years after the Haymarket Riot, in 1889, Powderly published his first book Thirty Years of Labor, explaining his journey with the labor field. After leaving the Knights of Labor, Powderly began to practice law, both for the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania and lat er the Supreme Court of the United States. Posterior in hisRead MoreSlaughterhouse Five: A Warning Against War Essay1716 Words   |  7 PagesKurt Vonneguts novel Slaughterhouse-Five; or The Childrens Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death is, as suggested by the title, a novel describing a crusade that stretches beyond the faint boundaries of fiction and crosses over into the depths of defogged reality. This satirical, anti-war piece of literature aims to expose, broadcast and even taunt human ideals that support war and challenge them in light of their folly. 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Firstly, I will discuss the historical development and make definitions of relational aesthetics. Secondly, I will focus on one unique project: that of A Better Tomorrow, at Yan Club Art Center on July 21, 2013, produced by Fong. Finally, I will explore this project in itsRead MoreTaking a closer read at Haroun and the Sea of Stories2393 Words   |  10 Pagesis depressed: this sudden mist positively stank of sadness and gloom (47). This symbol is clearly evident when Haroun traveled to Moody land, the sun would shine all night is there were enough joyful people around, and it would go on shining until the endless sunshine got on their nerves; then an irritable night would fall a night full of mutterings and discontent, in which the air felt too thick to breathe (47). The image of the sunset symbolizes a hope for a happy ending, where the sun setsRead MoreThe Namesake Reduction By Jhumpa Lahiri Essay2026 Words   |  9 PagesSudeshna on July 11, 1967. 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Man-vs-Machine Who Wll Win the War Essay - 1058 Words

Man-vs-machine: who will win the war? Man vs Machine has been a debatable topic for centuries. So, when did it all start? One started to question the expansion of technological development after the Industrial Revolution in England. The great revolution of machines started with the Watt Steam Engine which clearly revolutionized transportation and factory production. Machines continue to experience development and media appraise till our current day. Where does the Man fit in? The inventor of those machines and the one responsible for the machines development is currently living an inevitable fear of artificial intelligence. Many influential people such as the futurist Ray Kurzweil argue that machines may be more productive and more†¦show more content†¦The supporters believe that the benefits and the positive impact of machines outweigh the negative impact on mankind. Machine supporters believe that if singularity, the hypothetical moment in time when artificial intelligence will have progressed to the point of a greater-than-human intelligence occurs, humans will not be obligated to comply with machines and accept to be overpowered. Instead, supporters believe that by that time, mankind would have evolved in ways to insure humans survival in a world with highly intelligent machines. Many supporters believe that humans could merge themselves with machines. That is, get a cybernetic, robotic part implanted within their bodies to enhance their powers. Therefore, allowing them to keep up with powerful machinery. The idea of merging with machines might seem insane; however, it has been done already. The first cyborg was invented around a hundred years ago. For instance, in 1958, Arne Larsson, was the first person to receive a cybernetic implant. Arne was given an implanted pacemaker, which kept him alive and mobile until he died in his 80s. This was achieved with the primitive knowledge mankind had back in 1958. Therefore, if humans continue to enhance and develop technologies, the next decade would surely witness even more magnificent implant inventions. A debatable topic always has its supporters and its sceptics. Just as much as there are supporters of machines there are humans who oppose and evenShow MoreRelatedContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesmay be, they are also reflective of a wider tradition of significant involvement in the practical sphere by senior British accounting academics. For we must remember that it was Professor Edward Stamp who was one of the first to call the British audit profession to account with his questioning of ‘who shall audit the auditors?’ The subsequent institutional response has most likely gained as much from the likes of Professors Harold Edey, Bryan Carsberg, Ken Peasnell, Geoffrey Whittington, and  ´ David

Math 208 Week One Individual Free Essays

Chapter 1 – Section 1. 1 Write the interval of real numbers in interval notation and graph it. See Example 5. We will write a custom essay sample on Math 208 Week One Individual or any similar topic only for you Order Now 50. The set of real numbers less than or equal to -4 Consider the following nine integers: -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 94. Which of these integers has an absolute value greater than 1? Solution: -4, -3, -2, 2, 3, 4 Write the interval notation for the interval of real numbers shown in the graph. __________________ -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 A B Hint: replace a with (-3) and evaluate each expression. Which are positive and which negative? a)-3 solution: positive (b)|-3| solution: positive (c)-|3| solution: negative (d)-(-3) = 3 solution: negative (e)- | -3| solution: negative Chapter 1 – Section 1. 2 Build up the fraction so that it is equivalent to the fraction with the indicated denominator. See Example 1. 5/7=? /98 (fraction problem) Let the missing number be x then Therefore, Convert the given fraction to both decimal and percent. See Example 8 or use a calculator. 19/20 = 0. 95, 95% Perform the indicated operations. See Example 7c. Chapter 1 – Section 1. 3 Fill the correct value in the parentheses to make the statement correct. See Example 4. Solution : -9-(-2. 3) = -9 + 2. 3 Perform the indicated operations. -19-13=-32 Perform the indicated operations. 15 + (-39) = 15 – 39 = -24 Fill in the correct value in the parentheses so the equation is correct. Let the missing number be x then 13 + x = -4 Subtract 13 from each side, we will get x = -4 – 13 = -17 13 + (-17) = -4 Answer: -17 Chapter 1 – Section 1. 4 Perform the indicated operation. (-8)(-6) = 48 Perform the indicated operations and reduce to lowest terms. 9/10 x4/3 Solution: = – 36/30 = -6/5 Fill in the correct value in the parentheses so the equation is correct. -48 divided by ( )=6 -48/ x = 6 ?-48 = 6x ?x = -48/6 = -8 Therefore, -48 (-8) = 6 Chapter 1 – Section 1. 5 Evaluate the expression using order of operations.. See Example 8. 3[(2-3)^2 +6(6-4)^2] = 3[(-1)^2 + 6*(2)^2] = 3[1 + 24] = 3*25 = 75 Evaluate each expression using order of operati ons.. See Example 8 a) 8 – 3 |5 – 4 + 1 | = 8 – 3|5-16+ 1| = 8 – 3|-10| = 8-3*10 = 8 – 30 = -22 Chapter 1 – Section 1. 6 Evaluate each expression using a = -1, b = 2, and c = -3. See Example 4. (a – c)(a + c) = a^2 – c^2 = (-1)^2 – (-3)^2 = 1 – 9 = -8 Determine whether the given number is a solution to the equation following it. See Example 5. Let us substitute x = 5 in the given equation, we will get 3(5) + 7 = 2(5) – 1 15 + 7 = 9 22 = 9 Which is not true Therefore 5 is not the solution of the given equation Chapter 1 – Section 1. 7 Use the commutative and associative properties of multiplication and exponential notation to rewrite each product. See Example 3. y(y*5)(wy) y(y * 5)(wy) =5wy3 Use the distributive property to remove the parentheses. See Example 5. -3(6-p) 3 (6 – p) = (-3)6 –(-3)p = -18 + 3p Chapter 1 – Section 1. 8 Combine like terms where possible. See Example 3. Simplify the following expression by combining like terms. See Example 8. 2a(a – 5) + 4(a -5) = 2a2 – 10a + 4a – 20 = 2a2 – 10a + 4a – 20 = 2a2 – 6a – 20 Simplify the expression. 1/4(6b+2)-2/3(3b-2) (Please note!! the ? and the 2/3 are fractions) Solution: How to cite Math 208 Week One Individual, Papers

Leadership Styles Primal Leadership

Question: Discuss about theLeadership Styles forPrimal Leadership. Answer: Introduction: This assignment takes into consideration leadership behavior in the three scenarios which is discussed as follows. The three scenarios chosen for this assignment are leadership of a sports coach, leadership behavior in a sales meeting and leadership to be taken into account after an earthquake. It shall be taken into consideration that, leadership behavior or roles plays an important role in motivating as well as provide a positive attribute towards the same. In a highly competitive business environment, use of proper leadership styles or behavior shall be done so as to succeed in the near future. With fierce competition sports has played an important role in todays competitive environment. Players along with the coaches feel the pressure to succeed and the measure of success can be seen by either a winning or a losing particular game or a tournament. Therefore, proper leadership skills are required by the coach the players so as to succeed in future. A sports coach motivates its players students to use their full potential in order to have a competitive edge over its competitors (Leadership in Sports, 2016). There are many examples where in understanding the dynamics of leadership in professional sports can be seen. For example, Fassel was the head coach of NY Giants from 1997 2003. In his first year, Giant was 10-5. In the year 2000, the team made a record of 12-4. In the year 2003, Giants thought of replacing Coach Fassel with Tom (Sadler, 2003). In this regards, Coach Fassel demonstrated coaching leadership style and realized that, it was time for a change. Though, Tom had an autocratic leadership style and gave too many directions. Tom was brought back into the team so as to instill discipline. It is seen that, Tom portrays his leadership style in the best possible manner when and where needed. Another scenario which portrays, leadership behavior for a sports coach is discussed as follows. The head coach of Green Bay Packers said, Leaders are made and not born. Leaders are made by continuous hard work and its not an easy task to be an effective leader. Some of the leadership motivational tips given by Coach of Green Bay Packers are treat your players with utmost respect. It is important to understand each and every player so as to identify its strengths weaknesses. Instructions to the players shall be given in a positive manner (Stanley, 2012). This will help the players to have high motivation levels. Share the strategy with the players, as they are the ones who have to execute the same. The relationship between a sports coach player is of give and take. If the players know that, the coach believes in them he or she will outperform and in return might start believing in him too (Leadership in Sports, 2016). The second leadership behavior scenario discussed in this section of the assignment is leadership in a sales meeting. It shall be seen that, sales leadership is one of the toughest jobs all over global today due to highly competitive business world. There are six keys for cracking a sales meeting. These have been discussed as follows. First key to crack the sales meeting is to create a visionary leadership. There is little audience who are more cynical as compared to the sales professional. Therefore, providing clear definitive leadership is an important aspect which shall be kept in mind. The sales organization is referred to as the nosecone of leadership; therefore the issues faced by the customers or in regards to product and service will have an impact on the entire team. Secondly, to use successful metrics this marks the progress not just the sales results (Kurnit Lance, 2009). Thirdly, to develop talent and coach relentlessly that is to build sales opportunity across the en tire sales team. Fourthly, to pay close attention to the selling roles as well as understand as to how to get involved in the sales cycles. Fifthly, to create some value in the sales process shall be practiced which would help in value creation. Lastly, in order to get success in a sales meeting high levels of motivation shall be practiced so as to reward and recognize of the sales professionals (Stanley, 2012). The third leadership behavior scenario discussed in this section of the essay is leadership after an earthquake. The scenario takes into consideration the recent earthquake which was hit at Nepal on 25th April2015. The death as well as destruction caused by this natural disaster was mainly due to lack of leadership followed by the Nepalese politics. Like any other leadership style, responsible leadership which refers to care and affection, problem solving facilitation. It shall be seen that, responsible leadership style is far away from any other leadership style. It mainly engages, involving the various stakeholders together to ensure highly sustainable common grounds for the concerned. By the doing the same, it helps to integrate diversities and create a culture of togetherness and peace. Responsible leadership leads towards the realization of sustainable togetherness (Koshalek, Amatullo Sagmeister, 2008). It is a type of a transformational leadership which helps to shift for a b etter solution to its stakeholders. Leadership in Nepal after the earthquake takes into consideration multiple facets. The various leadership styles contribute towards building cooperation, resilience sustainable peace. The political leadership to be adopted after earthquake in Nepal refers to the spirit of responsibility (Kippenberger, 2002). In this case, the Nepalese politicians shall take the charge of joining hands together and care for the diseased. Some of the traits of leadership after Nepal earthquakes 2015 are irresponsible endeavor i.e. lack of timely a sudden response to the chaotic situation. More than eight million people were died and no humanitarian assistance was provided to the same. It was seen that, the prime minister of Nepal at that time ran away to Indonesia and came back after three days of the earthquake only save his life. Same was the case with other political leaders. They were not present publicly and they did not take any responsibility for the loss o ccurred (Kelly, 2006). Second leadership trait after Nepal earthquake is militarism. After the earthquake, military came to support when the political leaders vanished from the battle grounds. Rescue operation in Nepal became a sole responsibility for the military men. Foreign support from various other government officials was made possible by the military men. When the security gave away to bureaucrats and security officials, high levels of corruption was seen in this regard. Corruption was seen at various levels and victims lost hope in the system. On the contrary, they protested against the government. Third leadership trait after Nepal earthquake was high levels of corruption at all levels. It was seen that, government was not able to control corruption after the earthquake hit in Nepal. Therefore, support from NGOs and other fund raising organizations were done directly to the victims (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2002). The politicians were challenged as many of them were found involved in high levels of corruption during the rescue operation. Fourth leadership trait after Nepal earthquake is begging encouraged. At the time of crisis, people feel that begging is the best solution to come out of the loss in an effective manner. In Nepal, people were forced to sit on the streets and beg for their basic needs. Nepal is a land of diverse traditions (Hindu Buddhism) (Goldsmith, Baldoni McArthur, 2010). Various restrictions were sanctioned for the people of the higher castes such as Vaisya Kshatriyas. As stated in one of the vedas, that people belonging to the upper sections of the society were deemed to enjoy the leisures of life enjoy their life to the fullest. Fifth leadership trait after Nepal earthquake is opportunism. Irresponsible leadership of the political parties after the devastating earthquake in Nepal 2015 has raised many questions regarding legitimacy in public. Political parties in government lead to constitution making process without the con sensus of the stakeholders. Similarly, a group of political dissidents came up to be heard during the constitution making process. After the Nepal earthquake 2015, responsible leadership was missing. Though, Nepal has practiced many leadership traits such as charismatic, spiritual, transformational, ethical authentic but it lacked responsible leadership which was of utmost importance (Edinger, 2016). The community is yet to develop but without social responsibility Nepal will remain a victim of various types of conflicts. Hence, it can be concluded that leadership behavior or role plays an important role in motivating as well as provide a positive attribute towards the same. In a highly competitive business environment, use of proper leadership styles or behavior shall be done so as to succeed in the near future. The essay above takes into consideration, leadership behavior in three different scenarios such as leadership of sports coach, leadership behavior in a sales meeting leadership behavior after an earthquake. References Edinger, S. (2016).Forbes Welcome.Forbes.com. Retrieved 12 August 2016, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottedinger/2012/10/04/seven-keys-to-sales-leadership/#4bec1fee2edb Goldsmith, M., Baldoni, J., McArthur, S. (2010).The AMA handbook of leadership. New York: American Management Association. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., McKee, A. (2002).Primal leadership. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. Kelly, S. (2006). Leadership Refrains: Patterns of Leadership.Leadership,2(2), 181-201. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715006062934 Kippenberger, T. (2002).Leadership styles. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub. Koshalek, R., Amatullo, M., Sagmeister, S. (2008).The L.A. earthquake sourcebook. [Pasadena, Calif.]: Designmatters, Art Center College of Design. Kurnit, P. Lance, S. (2009).The little blue book of marketing. New York: Portfolio. Leadership Careers. (2007).Nursing Leadership,20(4). https://dx.doi.org/10.12927/cjnl.2007.19475 Leadership in Sports. (2016).Money-zine.com. Retrieved 12 August 2016, from https://www.money-zine.com/career-development/leadership-skill/leadership-in-sports/ Ritchie, B. Campiranon, K.Tourism crisis and disaster management in the Asia-Pacific. Sadler, P. (2003).Leadership. London: Kogan Page Ltd. Stanley, C. (2012).Emotional intelligence for sales success. New York: Amacom.

The Current Dynamic Nature Of Business Environment Business Essay Example For Students

The Current Dynamic Nature Of Business Environment Business Essay The current dynamic nature of concern environment has made it disputing for directors in doing strategic fiscal determinations particularly in Africa where fiscal market that is non much developed as compared to other developed markets. The immatureness of the market makes it hard for fiscal directors to do certain fiscal determinations that will increase the value of the house. The capital construction choice by fiscal directors of the house has a strong impact on the general well-being of the house and besides affects the future activities of the house in general. This survey is meant to analyze the capital construction policies of companies listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange taking a instance survey of bottling companies, therefore the subject analysis of the capital construction policies of companies listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange: A instance survey of bottling companies. The capital construction of a house may change depending on the direction determinations with regard to the intervention of equity ( Both preferred and common ) and debt ownership of the organisation. The on the job capital policy adopted by directors whether to utilize aggressive, conservative or moderate policy should hence be analysed. The two chief basic beginnings that a concern demand in puting in its assets are debt and equity beginnings which need to be compensated for the usage of their capital with debt necessitating involvement and equity necessitating dividend ( Tracy, 2002 ) . Management should hence be discreet in planning and planing the capital composing of a company by looking at all indispensable factors critically since it is necessary in foretelling the wellbeing of the company. This brings into the construct and idea of optimum capital construction. Determining the optimum capital of a company is non a simple determination and it is really critical for most organisation. Optimum capital construction determination has a great impact on the returns of the organisation and rivals in general. Harmonizing to Tracy 2002, a ageless inquiry that is non easy to reply concerns whether a concern is utilizing optimum or best capital construction . Vessey, et Al. ( 2006 ) , province that A company s mark or optimum capital construction is the mix of debt, preferable equity and common equity in its balance sheet that will maximise the company s stock monetary value . This implies there are some groundss of optimum capital construction but to find the optimum capital construction for a peculiar company may be hard. Problem Statement Capital construction determination is the most indispensable component of every concern organisation and requires proper rating and choice procedures. This is because the endurance of every concern entity depends on the choice of appropriate debt and equity place that maximizes stockholders wealth. There are a few empirical groundss from a few emerging economic systems ( there are besides empirical grounds from developed economic systems ) to demo that an economic system s public presentation and stableness depends on its concern market and services. However, without equal finance, inducement of operations ( net income ) , a tolerable concern environment, an effectual direction and operations construction, a growth-oriented authorities policies and ordinances, houses will under-perform. Maksimovic ( 2001 ) , defines capital construction as a long-run beginning of financess which is in the signifier of either equity ( reserve and/ excess ) or debt evaluation credits for the house. The pick of debt and equity place by concern entities has called for several surveies to be done on the capable affair and this has led to the find legion theories environing capital construction. Modigliani and Miller ( 1958 ) is one such theory. However, the dominant theories in usage explicating the funding determinations of houses are the Trade-off theory and Perk uping order theory. However, most research workers conclude that the irrelevance proposition that M A ; M lineations is non that simple. Uwalomwa ( 2012 ) ; Scanlon ( 1972 ) ; Popsescu ( 2009 ) , show that the nature and aims of a concern, makes capital construction theories subject to reading. This implies that theories in usage explicating the funding determinations of houses like the Trade-off theory and Perk uping order theory may look the preferable for most houses but it does non do it the optimum theory. For case, M A ; M ( 1958 ) capital construction theory suggest that outside influences and/ other determiners impacting the growing and value of a house is irrelevant. Alzheimer’S Disease EssayNigerian Breweries Plc. Aims to be the taking drinks company in Nigeria bring forthing quality merchandises for client satisfaction through environmentally sound operations. The company s nucleus value, which it portions with its shareholders, is to go a planetary name in the drinks market by advancing the personal developments of their employees and back uping the community and the environment through their corporate construction duties. Therefore, integrating CSR activities, to advance high public presentation in the market to gain net income on the returns for their stakeholders by bring forthing quality merchandises that their clients enjoy ( client satisfaction ) . The 3rd sampled company, PZ Cussons was a trading station in Sierra Leone in 1879, so name Paterson Zochonis ( PZ ) after its laminitiss. George Paterson and George Zochonis, the laminitiss, opened a subdivision in Nigeria in 1899. In 1975, it acquired Cussons Group Ltd and the name was changed to PZ Cussons and in 2007, the Nigerian subdivision of PZ Cussons was changed to PZ Cussons Nigeria Plc. PZ Cussons is an international company runing in Nigeria with a mission to heighten the lives of consumers through their advanced production of quality merchandises ( value for money ) . The purpose of PZ Cussons is to execute in the planetary market and go a market leader by bring forthing quality merchandises, provide a agency of growing for their employees that enhance their quality of life and gaining net income for their stakeholders. PZ Cussons merchandises include wellness and well-being merchandises ; trade name name Carex, that is, antiseptic soaps ; trade name name Robb, that is, unctions such as rubb original, for hurting and rhinal congestion alleviation and inhalators ; trade name name everyday, which comprises of feminine hygiene healthful merchandises ; trade name name Joy ( joy roll-on, joy Cologne, joy talc and rejoice lip-gloss ) . It wellness and beauty merchandises include dairy merchandises such as evaporated and powdery milk, beauty merchandises ; trade name name Venusaˆâ€ ¢ a merchandise line including shampoo, hair relaxer, hair conditioner and hair growing picks ( merchandises specific for African hair types ) . It detersive merchandises include lavatory soaps ; trade name name Prime Minister and imperial leather. The 4th selected house is A. G. Leventis. In 1920, Anastassios G. Leventis, from Cyprus was engaged by a trading company based in Nigeria. He left his employers to set up a trading company of his ain in 1937, and was subsequently joined by his younger brother, C. P. Leventis in his concern venture. They ab initio exported agricultural merchandises, import and sale of fabrics and other trade goods. The beginning of the 1950 s, saw them subdivision into retails shops. They besides became an agent for Mercedes Benz autos and trucks ( including assembly, sale and after gross revenues attention ) , fabrication and distribution of coca Cola merchandises throughout Nigeria, the assembly and distribution of air-conditioners, the sale and service of iceboxs and generators ( a joint venture it portions with Cummins West Africa ltd and Cummins Inc. , USA ) . Another concern venture of the Leventis group during this period was to ramify into the fabrication of Crown and plastic containers for th e drink industry. In the 70 s, the group started spread outing their operations beyond Nigerian boundary lines. It presently employees more than ten 1000 people straight and indirectly, two hundred thousand people. It current market activities include three nutrient treating mills and about two hundred and 50 residential and commercial belongingss in existent estate development and direction. It besides has a gross revenues and serving sector, supervising vehicles ( Volkswagen trade name of trucks and coachs from Brazil and Mercedes Benz autos ) . This includes an engine inspection and repair and rebuild section. Another of the Leventis group ventures is in the cordial reception sector with a hotel located in the mainland of Lagos. This means that the Leventis company in Nigeria has an one-year gross revenues turnover of about one hundred and 30 billion Nairas, and has invested about one hundred billion Naira in Nigeria in the last five old ages. Therefore, the four sampled houses fulfil a standard in the parametric quantities of the theoretical account and/ procedure in replying the inquiry of the impact of capital construction policies on Nigerian bottling houses listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange.

How Do You Make Use of an Essay Sample Paragragh?

How Do You Make Use of an Essay Sample Paragragh?An essay sample paragraph is a neat way to demonstrate your knowledge of an essay topic. It is more than a resume holder or business card holder; it allows you to produce a short excerpt of your best writing, using as little space as possible.Sometimes these types of devices are a great use of space, especially when the reader sees your entire essay sample paragraph. This will enable you to retain your ideas much better than if you were simply rambling about them. The essay sample paragraph can be made to be the look and feel of a particular document. You may print it up on a letterhead, to make it look professional, or to make it appear like a personal advertisement.This is an invaluable device in an informational or educational application. You will be able to bring the information you have into play in the essay sample paragraph. In this respect, the essay sample paragragh will help your employer, or whoever is hiring you, determine whether you are able to complete the job or project you are being assigned.Whether you have submitted several essays to numerous organizations, or whether you have completed an intensive writing course, the essay sample paragraph will allow you to produce a short outline of the articles you have written. It allows you to think about what you would want to change, or what you would wish to do differently, before you submit your essays. You can also write on your own, with a view to editing the essay you are thinking of submitting. The idea is to develop the essay sample paragragh into a document which conveys your ideas clearly and concisely.If you are looking for an essay sample paragragh to show you the different levels of written content, then you need not be concerned about just getting your words and ideas in the paper. Your essay sample paragraph can be used to make a document which does not have to be an essay. A book, a magazine, or any other media item which does not requir e much in the way of writing is an excellent essay sample paragraph.Because the essay sample paragraph is so small, there is no need to worry about how the information is presented. You can make it your own presentation of the information you wish to relay. That is another thing that makes this type of device a great one to use: it can be used to put your ideas into writing, without making the document longer than necessary.In essence, an essay sample paragraph allows you to create a document which can be less formal, in a way. This can help you to display a more competent approach to the tasks at hand, whilst at the same time, allowing you to get more in-depth, and clearly express your ideas.

How does marijuana affect the brain

Introduction Marijuana is commonly known by other names such as pot, weed, skunk, ganja or grass. Marijuana refers to dried leaves of the cannabis plant that people smoke or eat to get the feeling of euphoria. A substance in the marijuana leaves called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol abbreviated as THC causes the euphoria (Steinherz Vissing, 1997-1998; Monroe, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How does marijuana affect the brain? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The abusers of the drug crave for THC, which leads to addiction. Marijuana is among the illegal drugs that are regularly used in the world. In Europe and the United States, marijuana is the leading illegal drug that many people use. Most people smoke it and teens have not been left behind in the craze for marijuana as they start smoking it early. Studies have shown that the effects of marijuana are negative. One of the profound findings of the studies is on the negative effects of marijuana on the brain. The use of marijuana is harmful to an individual and its use should be regulated. Marijuana affects the brain and thus has an overall negative in an individual because it affects the brain, which is a vital organ in the body. It is important to note that marijuana affects other parts of the body such as the lungs but this paper will look at how marijuana affects the brain. Theories of marijuana usage There is a marijuana theory called the stepping stone theory. The theory asserts that the usage of marijuana often leads to abuse of other drugs. Marijuana is said to contain pharmacological properties, which induce the users to try to experiment with other drugs (Mack Joy, 2001). The theory applies in that if an individual will enjoy the usage of marijuana they are more likely to enjoy stronger drugs than marijuana such as cocaine. The theory presupposes that factors that lead one to start using marijuana are likely to lea d to use of hard drugs. Not only does it harm an individual’s brain but also leads to further harm through the introduction to other drugs such as cocaine and heroine (Kring, Johnson, Davison Neale, 2009). It is important to note that not all users of marijuana end up using other drugs such as cocaine but many users of such drugs as heroine began by using marijuana (Kring et al, 2009). Moreover, people are introduced to marijuana smoking because they are told it has positive effects such as relieving one of stress but the results of the smoking are short lived as when marijuana effects wears off the issues that had caused the stress still remain and he or she must deal with problem to avoid further stress. The other theory is the gateway theory. The theory urges that there is a consistent pattern of drug abuse from adolescence into adulthood. Young people who start the usage of marijuana are more likely to continue the habit in adulthood. The people who are able to gain acce ss to marijuana, which is an illegal drug, also get access to other drugs hence marijuana acts as a gateway to other hard drugs as their access becomes easy (Mack Joy, 2001).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Researches findings on effects of marijuana on the brain Research findings on the brain show that abuse of marijuana for a long time affects the brain just as the other drugs do to the brain. The usage of marijuana affects a person general life. A study shows that the users who take high doses of marijuana report problems such as their distortion of their cognitive abilities, which include the memory. Studies also indicate that people who start smoking marijuana at an early age have higher risks of getting the negative effects because their brains are still developing. The findings on the effects of marijuana on the brain show mixed results as some say that marijua na has no long time effects on the brain and that the short effects wear quickly. They consider marijuana to contain useful medicinal values such as alleviating nausea in cancer patients and helping them to regain their eating appetite (NIDA Infofacts: marijuana, n.d.). In fact some groups have been calling for the legalization of marijuana because they say it does not have negative effects. Other studies have also shown that the amounts of marijuana required in causing brain damage are very high and the studies done on animals indicate that human beings have little chance of having their brains damaged through smoking of marijuana. Some studies also indicate that use of marijuana can lead to mental problems. Individuals who use marijuana exhibit increased levels of things such as anxiety, depression, stress and schizophrenia. Evidence shows that there is a strong link between marijuana use and schizophrenia later on in life (How Does Marijuana Affect the Brain? 2010). How marijuana travels to the brain THC targets the brain and thus affects this vital human organ. Marijuana is often taken through inhalation via smoking and gains faster access to the bloodstream. It gains fast access to the brain because it is able to bypass the digestive process (Mehling Triggle, 2003, p. 26). The metabolites in the drug are lipophilic- fat-soluble and are able to bypass the barrier that regulates substances that pass from the blood to the brain. Marijuana is able to gain access to the brain and bypass two layers of cells, which act as the barrier between the blood and the brain. When marijuana gets to the brain, the users report that they feel released from stress and attain euphoria. It is important to note that the effects of marijuana depend on things such as the social setting, users experience and psychological history with the drug in association with countless personality effects and the chemical complexity of the marijuana. The chemical complexity of marijuana depen ds on the part of the cannabis plant from which it is taken from for instance THC is located in resin found in the flowering tops of the cannabis plant and a small amount in the leaves. The most chemically complex marijuana is found in resin removed from the stem and the leaves. Such marijuana contains from eight to fourteen per cent of THC whereas marijuana made from dried leaves of the plant contains from four to 8 per cent of THC (Steinherz Vissing, 1997-1998).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on How does marijuana affect the brain? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Effects of marijuana on the brain The substance THC is fat-soluble and may be left in the body’s fatty tissues and later released into the bloodstream after a long period. Studies show that regular users of marijuana have a higher risk of getting their brains affected than the occasional users. Frequent users are more likely to be affe cted because THC takes a longer time to be released from their bodies as they accumulate large quantities of the substance in their bodies. Studies show that use of marijuana has effects on the brain. Those who use marijuana exhibit it effects on their brains after a while and even though studies on how it affects the brain have been inconsistent, its impact on the users cannot be denied (Weinsten et al, 2007). For instance, one study shows that there is no conclusive evidence of brain damage because of marijuana usage. Nine people who underwent the study showed no sign of brain damage even after smoking about nine marijuana cigarettes from the CAT scans. Nevertheless, many other researches have shown that the THC is responsible for altering the way in which the brain senses as well as the processing of information. The alterations are mostly notable in the region of the brain called the hippocampus. Marijuana affects the memory of an individual when taken in high doses as THC alter s the way the brain functions because it has many receptors that receive the THC. The hippocampus part of the brain has the responsibility of integrating sensory of the memory and motivation. It is also responsible with memory and the learning process. Thus, memory and learning is interfered with by marijuana usage (Mehling Triggle, 2003). THC attaches itself on the receptors in the hippocampus and due to the fact that it is a steroid it inhibits the hippocampus from retrieving memory and especially the short term memory. THC is responsible for weakening the short term memory through the destruction of the nerve cells. The destroyed nerve cells acquire new structures which are unable to register any new information to the brain when marijuana users take high doses. The information an individual on a high dose of marijuana may not be registered in the brain hence they cannot retrieve it from their memory. Moreover, THC reduces the ability of the nerve cells to function well (Ejelonu , 2004). The hippocampus region of the brain contains cannabinoid receptors that receive the THC which make users feel high. The high concentration of cannaboid in the brain makes the users experiences problems with the memory as the nerves responsible for transmitting information to the brain are distorted. The impact on the memory can affect other activities such as learning long after the effects of high doses of marijuana wear off. The users of marijuana often have lower educational attainment than their non-smoking counterparts because it affects their memory and learning process (Gruber, Pope, Hudson Yurgelun-Todd, 2003).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marijuana affects the memory types in two ways. The first type of the memory affected is recognition. Through the recognition memory, an individual is able to identify words Users of marijuana are able to identify words that they had seen prior to smoking marijuana and identify other words that they had not seen prior to smoking. The mistake in recognizing words that had not been seen prior to smoking is called memory intrusions. The memory intrusions occur because the brain’s free cells are affected by THC. Smoking marijuana interferes with the ability of the user to recall words correctly from a given list. For example, smokers of marijuana are only able to remember some words in a given list. They remember the words that they saw last and forget those that appear in first in the list. The failure to recall the words at the top of the list after a short while indicates that marijuana ahs strong effects on the brain. The THC in marijuana does not impair ones ability to recal l but instead alters the way the memory works by creating selective memory where one recalls some words and not others (Ejelonu, 2004). Conclusion Marijuana use has been shown by studies to affect the brain in a number of ways. The chemical substance found in the cannabis plant called THC sticks to the cannabinoid receptors that are concentrated on the hippocampus area in the brain and changes the way the nerve cells work. The alteration of the function of the nerve cells affects how information is registered on the memory and the ability of the marijuana user to recall information. Moreover, marijuana affects an individual’s life in a myriad ways such as in their social life, careers and even in their cognitive motor skills. The fact that some researches show that marijuana does not have harmful damages on an individual should not encourage people to experiment with the drug as there is evidence to show that it does have an effect on the brain and those effects are negative in nature apart from the short lived feelings of euphoria that lure people into the drug. More importantly, people need to be educated on how marijuana affects the human brain and body in general so that those who decide to start or continue its use make informed choices. In addition, more studies need to be done to give conclusive information on how marijuana use affects an individual’s brain to remove the controversy surrounding the drug. Reference List Ejelonu, A. (2004). How does marijuana affect the brain? Web. Gruber, A.J., Hope, H.G., Hudson, J.I. Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2003). Attributes of long-term heavy cannabis users: a case-control study. Psychological Medicine, 33, 1415-1422. How Does Marijuana Affect the Brain? (2010). Web. Kring, A. Johnson, S. Davison, G.C. Neale, J.M. (2009). Abnormal psychology. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Mack, A. Joy, J.E. (2001). Marijuana as medicine?: the science beyond the controversy. New National Academies Press. Mehling, R. Trigg le, D.J. (2003). Marijuana. New York: InfoBase Publishing. Monroe, J. (1998). Marijuana- a mind altering drug, Current Health, 24 (7), no.pag. NIDA Info facts: marijuana. (n.d.). Web. Steinherz, K Vissing, T. (1997-1998). The medical effects of marijuana on the Brain. Web. Weinstein, A et al. (2008). Brain imaging study of the acute effects of Δ9 – tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on attention and motor coordination in regular users of marijuana. Psychopharmacology, 196 (1), 119-131. This research paper on How does marijuana affect the brain? was written and submitted by user Jayson W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of Online Reading

Definition and Examples of Online Reading Definition Online reading is the process of extracting meaning from a text that is in a digital format. Also called digital reading. Most researchers agree that the experience of reading online (whether on a PC or a mobile device) is fundamentally different from the experience of reading print materials. As discussed below, however, the nature and quality of these different experiences (as well as the particular skills required for proficiency) are still being debated and explored. See Examples and Observations  below. Also see: ReadingThe Advantages of Slow Reading and Slow Writing Close Reading and Deep Reading How to Become a Creative ReaderOnline WritingReaderReading Speed Writers on Reading Examples and Observations Unlike reading print sources, reading online is nonlinear. When you read a book or an article in print, you follow a reading sequence- beginning at the start of the text and progressing through the text systematically. However, when you read information online, you frequently jump around from source to source using hyperlinks that direct you to a different Web page.(Christine Evans Carter, Mindscapes: Critical Reading Skills and Strategies, 2nd ed. Wadsworth, Cengage, 2014) Comparing Print and Digital Reading ExperiencesCertainly, as we turn to online reading, the physiology of the reading process itself shifts; we don’t read the same way online as we do on paper. . . .When Ziming Liu, a professor at San Jose State University whose research centers on digital reading and the use of e-books, conducted a review of studies that compared print and digital reading experiences, . . . he found that several things had changed. On screen, people tended to browse and scan, to look for k eywords, and to read in a less linear, more selective fashion. On the page, they tended to concentrate more on following the text. Skimming, Liu concluded, had become the new reading: the more we read online, the more likely we were to move quickly, without stopping to ponder any one thought. . . .[P]erhaps digital reading isn’t worse so much as different than print reading. Julie Coiro, who studies digital reading comprehension in elementary- and middle-school students at the University of Rhode Island, has found that good reading in print doesn’t necessarily translate to good reading on-screen. The students do not only differ in their abilities and preferences; they also need different sorts of training to excel at each medium. The online world, she argues, may require students to exercise much greater self-control than a physical book. In reading on paper, you may have to monitor yourself once, to actually pick up the book, she says. On the Internet, that monitoring and self-regulation cycle happens again and again.(Maria Konnikova, Being a Better Online Reader. The New Yorker, July 16, 2014) Developing New Skills for Online Reading- How does the nature of writing and reading change on the Internet? What, if any, new literacies do we require? We are just discovering the answers to these questions (Afflerbach Cho, 2008). First, it appears that online reading comprehension typically takes place within a research and problem-solving task (Coiro Castek, 2010). In short, online reading is online research. Second, online reading also becomes tightly integrated with writing, as we communicate with others to learn more about the questions we explore and as we communicate our own interpretations. A third difference that exists is that new technologies . . . are used online. Additional skills are required to use each of these technologies effectively. . . .Finally, and perhaps most importantly, online reading may require even greater amounts of higher-level thinking than offline reading. In a context in which anyone may publish anything, higher-level thinking skills such as crit ical evaluation of source material and understanding an authors point of view become especially important online.(Donald J. Leu, Elena Forani. and Clint Kennedy, Providing Classroom Leadership in New Literacies. The Administration and Supervision of Reading Programs, 5th ed., edited by Shelley B. Wepner, Dorothy S. Strickland, and Diana J. Quatroche. Teachers College Press, 2014)- [E]ncouraging students to take on a leadership role in sharing their online skills and strategies has proven to be a beneficial means of promoting acquisition of the new literacies of online reading comprehension (Castek, 2008). The findings from this study suggest that students learn online reading comprehension skills best from other students, within the context of challenging activities designed by the teacher. Increased levels of challenge appeared to prompt students to try multiple approaches to making sense of complex information and encouraged them to think deeply about solving problems.(Jacquelynn A. Malloy, Jill M. Castek, and Donald J. Leu, Silent Reading and Online Reading Comprehension. Revisiting Silent Reading: New Directions for Teachers and Researchers, ed. by Elfrieda H. Hiebert and D. Ray Reutzel. International Reading Association, 2010) Reading More, Remembering Less?We might have more access to information than ever before, but reading things online actually has a negative impact on peoples cognition.[In a study conducted at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand,] associate professor Val Hooper and masters student Channa Heraths analysis of online and offline reading behaviour found that online reading generally does not have a positive impact on peoples cognition.Concentration, comprehension, absorption and recall rates when engaging with online material were all much lower than traditional text.This is despite people getting through more material thanks to skim reading and scanning online material.(Internet Makes Us Stupid: Study. Sydney Morning Herald [Australia], July 12, 2014) The Transition to Digital ReadingIts still words being taken in on a computer screen, and for millions of people it is a daily occurrence, one that now seems as natural to them as anything else in their lives. To think that mil lions wont be willing or able to make the transition to an overall digital reading experience is naà ¯ve. In large measure, people already do the majority of their reading digitally.(Jeff Gomez, Print Is Dead: Books in Our Digital Age. Macmillan, 2008) The Lighter Side of Online ReadingAnyway, Ive done lots of research for the past, you know, few hours, and I found out that most people will believe anything they read. And I know its true because, you know, I . . . I read it online somewhere.(Dr. Doofenshmirtz, Ferb Latin/Lotsa Latkes. Phineas and Ferb, 2011)

Articulate a problem solving process regarding a practice issue in Essay

Articulate a problem solving process regarding a practice issue in nursing. In addition you will discuss evidence and its relati - Essay Example In most cases, medication errors are arrested before they get to the patient, or they may reach the patients and cause no harm, or cause treatable as well as permanent harm requiring prolonged hospitalization of the patient. Although there are preventive measures that can be put in place to deter occurrence of these medication errors, they are bound to happen from time to time, and it is expedient for medical practitioners to have necessary skill and knowhow regarding solution to such problems (Wilkinson & Treas, 2011). The reason for taking preventive or curative measures when it comes to nurses’ medication errors are governed by the professional ethics regarding nursing practice. Safety for hospitalized patients and response to or solution of emerging practice errors (such as those of medication) is part of a patient’s rights and should be the topmost priority (professionally) of health practitioners (Flynn & Barker et al., 2002). Problem description Most of the commo n medication errors arise from insufficient skills of the nurses in administering dosages. One particular medication error occurs in the administration of intravenous medication in the hospitals. Evidence of factors associated with errors in administration of intravenous medication or the severity of the errors is limited, but they do have a notably high frequency of incidence in medical institutions (Wilkinson & Treas, 2011). Intravenous medications are very complex and require many steps in preparing them, administering them, and monitoring the progress of patients under intravenous medication. These processes require precision and particular risks are posed by errors in medication (Cohen, 2007). The medication errors in intravenous medication administration occur in terms of failures in procedures or intravenous clinical errors (Flynn & Liang et al., 2012). Procedural failure includes lack of attention to record administration of medication on a medication chart, administering IV medication at the wrong time, or failing to read the label on medication. Failure by the nurse to wash hands prior to preparing the injection (breaching aseptic techniques), storing intravenous medication temporarily in unsecure environments, or failing to check identification of the patient or blood/pulse pressure prior to dose administration constitute procedural failure (Wilkinson & Treas, 2011). QNSE Competencies A nurse may also fail to check the level of blood sugar before administering insulin or skipping of the procedure of signing register of dangerous drugs by two nurses as required. Clinical errors (intravenous) may be occasioned by incorrect rate of intravenous, which may be faster or slower than recommended, incorrect mixture by using the wrong solvent, using a different volume of solvent in preparation of intravenous medication than what is recommended, as well as incompatibility of drugs by combining drugs that are not compatible through the same intravenous infusion . There may also be errors in general programming of the

The Sources of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Sources of Law - Essay Example The federal and the state administrative regulations are set by the executive branch and are passed by the legislature. The constitution is the written rules that are agreed upon by the state union of people. This constitution remains in control until it shall be changed by the authority which created it. Though constitutions are long lasting and are not easily amended. It sets the parameters of the state and hence is formulated in a very general language. It’s composed of decisions that are made by courts in individual cases. It originates from specific facts and therefore the court resolves the disputes between the parties involved based on the individual facts. The judges make laws by applying and interpreting laws based on a case to another. A court uses an earlier and similar case to give a legal action in order to decide on an individual case. These sources may be given a lesser or a greater weight. These include writing of legal scholars which may either is in civil law jurisdictions or in academic writings and interpreting the legislation; it could be an edict from a ruler or from the king or even from Islamic religion like the Sharia

Factors Which Affect Peoples Travel Patterns Tourism Essay

Factors Which Affect Peoples Travel Patterns Tourism Essay This essay will discuss the extent to which the form and structure of the city, along with its transport network influences individual travel patterns. The different types of areas within metropolitan Perth will also be taken into consideration. Due to the fact that the size of a city correlates with its density, the densest cities tend to also be the largest cities, which will in turn mean that people living in such a city are expected to embark on longer commutes. According to Brindle, there is a small but significant relationship between residential density and car ownership: a large increase in residential density is associated with a small decrease in car ownership. It can also be deducted that the primary determinants of car ownership in a home include the size of the household, income, and the number of workers per household. Transit availability is also a significant factoring determining car ownership. (Brindle R 2003) Recent research shows that peoples travel behavior is related to certain characteristics of the built environment. This kind of travel behavior which includes trip-making frequency, distance and time travelled havebeen studied for a variety of land use patterns, street networks and streetscape design features. Table 1gives a synthesis of past research on urban form and travel behaviour relationship. Broadly, it can beobserved that studies related to urban form and travel patterns originate from diverse sources andencompass a variety of geographic scale and locations. To add to this diversity, many differentcharacteristics of urban form too have been examined in these studies and travel patterns have beenmeasured in a number of ways. This section brings together the urban form indicators used and results ofrecent studies concerning urban form and travel patterns.Travel patterns are a result of individual choice to pursue activity at another location, choice ofdestination, choice of mode, choice of route and time (Munshi, 2003). Thus travel is a function ofcharacteristics of the base location (origin of the travel) and the environment surrounding the baselocation. The surrounding environment to the base location has been studied in various terms, e.g.through distance to opportunities, like distance to city centre or sub centres. Distance to the city centrehas been studied in relation to travel distance and transport energy consumption by (Naess and Sandberg,1996; Stead and Marshall, 2001; Mogridge, 1985). Another indicator of the surrounding environment tothe base location is related to the mixing of land use as this is assumed to affect the physical separation ofactivities in the environment surrounding the base location and therefore is a determinant of travel Page 3 XIII Back to menu Retour ausommaire 3 demand. It has been mainly measured as the job ratio and has been studied in relation to journeyfrequency in (Ewing, 1995) as well as in relation to proportion of trips made by non-motorized modes in(Cervero, 1989). The proportion of residential to non residential use has also been studied in relation to atransport mode index in (Zhang and Guindon, 2006). An aggregate measure of land use mix (termed asdiversity) was examined by Cervero and Kockelman (1997), who report a link between land use mix andtotal non-work travel distance. The provision of local facilities and services may clearly reduce traveldistance and increase the proportion of short journeys capable of being travelled by non-motorizedmodes. Winter and Farthing (1997) reported that the provision of local facilities in new redevelopmentreduces average trip distances. Hanson (Hanson, 1982) reports similar findings, showing that theproximity to local facilities is positively associated with average distance taking into account averagesocio-economic characteristics of the trip maker. The type of neighbourhood at the base location is alsoknown to affect travel as reported in Cevero and Kockelman (1997). They found that neighbourhoodswith high proportion of four-way intersection and limited on-street parking abutting commercialestablishment tended to have an average less drive-alone travel for non-work purposes. Factors which affect peoples travel patterns Humans are naturally built to move around and travel. As soon as a person starts growing and has the strength, the person begins to go to various destinations and starts crawling around the house or running around, or walking to a friends house. As adults we frequently hurry to vehicles to go off somewhere. According to their age and other socio-demographic factors, people travel to various places by many modes. As it is though, the environment in which we currently live is planned for and traditionally suited to automobile travel. This narrow transportation planning vision compromises all of our travel decisions, but increasingly so for children and the caregivers who must provide them transportation to their important activities such as education and social events (Beauumont and Pianca 20023.2 Transportation Mode and Spatial Learning Although studies carried out by cognitive mapping researchers point to a connection between spatial learning, and travel patterns, not much can be concluded about the manner in which existing transportation infrastructures affect peoples travel patterns and route selection. Recent research suggests that transportation infrastructure and modal networks such as transit routes, sidewalks, local streets, bike lanes, freeway networks and roads does have an effects on the travel behavior and the development of cognitive maps.The hierarchical nature of both transportation networks and land use systems in an urbanenvironment can affect the cognitive mapping process. In general, the more significant aparticular pathway or landmark is to an individuals navigation, the more it will dominate thecognitive map (7). The hierarchies of pathways in a region, such as highway and freewaysegments dominating arterial and main roads, which in turn dominate local community andneighborhood street systems, contribute to the hierarchical organization of cognitive maps. Infact, individuals will recognize elements in the environment more quickly if primed by a cue Mondschein, Blumenberg, and Taylor6from the same portion of their regional hierarchy. Zannaras also found that the layout of a citysignificantly explained variations in the accuracy of wayfinding and location tasks (20). Sectorally-organized cities proved the more effective for remembering locations, whileconcentrically-organized cities made wayfinding and location tasks more difficult. Likewise,familiarity, or route learning, is clearly an important part of both route selection and modechoice because familiarity is dependent on repeated experience. Stern and Portugali highlighttwo aspects of route familiarity: [1] Familiarity with city structures, specific experience of a given locality in the city, and a general familiarity with the road hierarchy, signage, and traffic also affect peoples travel patterns. People who made use of different modes of transportation and travel tend to develop different degrees of familiarity with each transport system. This shows that individuals who use different transportation networks, will understand the same urban environment from differing perspectives. For example automobile users and transit users, will understand a given city in very different ways. Much of the scholarship on cognitive mapping has focused on drivers and the street andhighway network (22). This emphasis is likely due to the dominant role of automobiles as wellas the route flexibility associated with using the street network. Yet preliminary evidencesuggests that cognitive maps are differentially shaped by alternate transportation modes. Forexample, we know that individuals who rely on public transit or walking, on average, travelshorter distances and travel less frequently than those who travel by motor vehicle. Therefore,one can hypothesize that the scope of their spatial knowledge would be more limited anddifferently configured (by, for example, the network of transit routes) than those who rely onautomobiles and can travel longer distances at greater flexibility and speed. The quality and detail of spatial maps also may differ by mode. In a study of childrentraveling to school, active modes of travel, such as walking and biking, appear to contributemore to the development of spatial knowledge than passive modes of travel, such as beingchauffeured by an adult or riding in a school bus. Specifically, walking and cycling to schoolhave been found to increase knowledge of the environment in comparison to children who arebused (23). These results suggest that variation in transportation mode may result in verydifferent levels of functional accessibility for individuals from otherwise similar socioeconomicor cultural backgrounds. Finally, research also suggests that travel behavior is influenced by perceptions ofdistance which affect the decision to stay or goà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the decision of where to goà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦[and] thedecision of which route to take (24). Cognition of environmental distance is influenced bypathway features, travel time, and travel effort which are substantially different depending ontravel mode (25). The characteristics of travel by transit, which include indeterminate waiting attransfer points and walking trips between services, may add to cognitive distance in a way thatauto travel does not.Drawing on a path-based theory of spatial learning, differences in cognitive mapsbetween socioeconomic groups may also be explained at least in part by the different travelpatterns of those groups. Certainly, adults in higher income households are more likely to havereliable access to automobiles. In contrast, over one quarter of low-income households do nothave automobiles and are transit dependent (26). But transit use is also high among adults inlow-income households with automobiles since oftentimes there are too few vehicles toaccommodate the number of household drivers. In addition to the well documented role that cognitive maps play in explainingwayfinding and route choice, we hypothesize that travel by different modes in more or lesstransit- and pedestrian-friendly areas systematically manifests in individuals cognitive mapsstructured more by transit networks (i.e. transit lines, stations, and stops) than by the arterials,Mondschein, Blumenberg, and Taylor7collectors, and local streets that make up urban street networks. In other words, a modallyspecific wayfinding experience significantly and systematically influences the formation ofcognitive maps. And these maps, in turn, influence trip generation, trip distribution, and modechoice The impact of differences in socio-demographics on personal travel behavior Individuals generate extremely complex travel-activity patterns as they participate in daily activities at different times and in different locations many researchers have conceptualized this observed behavior patterns as the outcome of choices made within constraints. The preferred activity choices utility maximization is employed. Maintenance of an individuals schedule is the key service, this helps activities to be scheduled, the individuals all have an agenda and all negotiate with other individuals to schedule social activities more especially negotiating about participants, location and time. Individuals update their state after participating in an activity and this depends on their satisfaction with their activity and no doubt individuals will come across new people as a result of this activities Another important service happens to be the maintenance of a personal network because just as their activities are influenced by their social network, their network in turn is influenced by their activity participation; individuals may visit or learn about new locations, they will also keep track of these locations they are familiar with, they will likely share them with others which is a form of influence Interaction design: interaction between agents are an important component of agent- based applications. Agents have agenda, interact and negotiate with others to schedule social activities and it includes participants, locations and time, agents interactionx have several components, the negotiation set ( the possible proposal) strategies, a rule to determine that the interaction is complete (Wooldridge, 2002) Fatima et, al (2002) explains three methods for dealing with issues in multi-issue negotiation: all issues discussed together, issues discussed separately or issues discussed one after the other. It has been shown that proposing complete deals at each step is computationally more complex because it has such advantage as pareto optimality (Fatima et al 2006). For the negotiation set, list of activity pattern has been developed including the activity purpose and location as well as indication of which acquaintances are likely to be involved and when interacting with colleagues likely during the week while weekend is for family visit In the model, it is difficult to decide issues independently eg the activity is likely to determine time, location etc and the order they should be discussed, should the activity or the location be decided first? However the choices sets for certain issues are decided independently. The protocol proceeds as follows the host proposes an activity to one or more of its acquaintances eg time and location could be there the respondent gives possible days and time they will be available, the host adjust the time to make it convenient for many to be available the respondent suggest location, the host creates intersection amongst those received, the host creates list bof potential activities, the respondent ranks them the host determinesa best activity based on every ones ranking and informs respondent of the details The effects of urban form and structure on personal travel behavior The relationship between city structure and travel behavior has been extensively researched by urban economists, geographers, and city planners. There has been a steady increase in the rate of car ownership and use in the twentieth century. There also seems to have been a steady decline in the use of transit and other modes, and the decentralization of both population and employment. Trends in travel and land use have complimented and re-enforced one another: growingcar ownership generated demand for highways, development of the highway systemchanged accessibility patterns, and population and jobs responded to these new patternsof accessibility (Jackson, 1986; Muller, 1981, 1995). By 1990, the suburbs of USmetropolitan areas were home to about 62 percent of the metropolitan population and 52percent of the jobs. At the same time, per capita car ownership and travel have reachedall-time highs (Pisarksy, 1996). 1 This section is drawn from Giuliano, 2000.2 See reviews by Giuliano, 1995; Anas, Arnott, and Small, 1998; Pickrell, 1999. From a broad perspective, city form, structure, land use and transportation trends are quite closely related. However, the historical record does not necessarily provideuseful evidence for understanding land use and transportation at a single point in time,and the empirical research on relationships between daily travel and land usecharacteristics is far less clear. Metropolitan Size and DensityExtensive research has been conducted on the relationship between metropolitandensity and modal split, commute trip length and total automobile travel. Newman andKenworthy (1989a, 1989b, 1998) conducted comparative studies of per capita gasolineconsumption and metropolitan densities. A comparison of cities around the worldyielded a non-linear relationship of increasing per capita gasoline consumption withdeclining density. Their work has been extensively criticized, primarily because percapita fuel consumption is an indirect measure of auto travel and because they fail toaccount for many other factors which affect automobile use, such as the employment rateor household size (Gordon and Richardson, 1989; Gomez-Ibaņ ez, 1991). Pushkarev and Zupan (1977) documented a positive relationship betweenpopulation density and transit use, using data from 105 urbanized areas for 1960 and1970. Gordon, Richardson, and Jun (1991) found that cities with higher average densitieshave longer automobile commute times than those with lower average densities. Notingthat density is a measure of concentration, the authors conclude that shorter commutesindicate greater efficiency of low density urban form: decentralization of both populationand jobs allows people to economize to a greater extent in selecting their job and housinglocations. The effects of various transport networks and service patterns on personal travel behavior. The personal travel environment can be described in terms of such dimensions as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Location à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Access to the central-place system of the region (Christaller, 1933) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Access to work, shopping and leisure facilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Provision of infrastructure facilities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Public transport supply à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Settlement structure and density à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Topographybut also in terms of certain configurations, such as suburban structures, urban blocks or de-tached house-settlements. As an outcome of this differentiation and of the functional separa-tion in general, the individual environments offer different opportunities with regards towork, shopping or leisure activities.This paper analyses the interactions between these spatial dimensions, the individual charac-teristics of the travellers and the observed travel behaviour. The Personal Travel behavior of various individuals is affected by transportation network and service pattern in a city. This personal travel behavior which includes both the short-term and long-term travel choices of individuals in the city constitutes some central elements like car ownership and season tickets for public transportation, as well as destination, mode, activity and choice of location. Going by recent research and literature, there hasnt been any consensus reached about the effects of city spatial structure on personal travel behavior. Generally, there are differeing opinions about thsis. Some studies suggest that the impact of transportation network and service pattern on personal travel behavior is rather small (Bagley and Moktharian, 2000; Schimek, 1996;Petersen and Schallabà ¶ck, 1995; Downs, 1992; Schmiedel, 1984). Some other studies lean towards the conclusion that at least some variables are dependent on the transportation network, spatial structure and service pattern obtainable in the city. (Ewing andCervero, 2001; Newman and Kenworthy, 1999; Wiederin, 1997; Holz-Rau, 1990; Sammer etal., 1990). Travel behavior is also affected by accessibility of facilities. this also goes to show the efforts of the surrounding residential area on individual travel behavior. If a person is able to reach a range of facilities within walking distance, then the probability of a locally oriented travel behavior with smaller distances will increase, as well as increased number of walking trips The reason for this contradiction is not a basic difference in the assumptions accepted, butrather the selected spatial variables and the approaches used. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Spatial structure: For example, some investigations concluding space- independence of travel behaviour characterise the spatial structure of areas only bythe number of inhabitants a variable known to have little explanatory power inother investigations, either. According to other studies the accessibility of facilities is one of the most important spatial variables (Kitamura, Akiyama, Yamamoto andGolob, 2001; Handy and Niemeier, 1997; Simma, 2000). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Approaches used: The question, whether the analyses are conducted at an aggregate or disaggregate level, has influence on the results. Mostly, the results at an aggregatelevel are more conclusive than the results at a disaggregate level. One reason for thisis that other factors influencing travel behaviour are normally not included in aggre-gate models. But especially these factors can be very important, as disaggregatemodels have shown (Bagley and Moktharian, 2000; Simma 2000).The remainder of the paper is organised as follows: First, the study area and the computationof accessibility measures is described followed by a description of the data source used forthe analysis. Then the modelling approach Structural Equation Modelling is briefly out-lined. The core of the paper is the discussion of disaggregate person-level models for twomain trip purposes (shopping and working). The results are summarised and interpreted in thediscussion. Based on this recommendations are given. 2. Study area: Upper Austria The general focus of the study the interactions between the spatial structure, personal char-acteristics and travel behaviour cannot be investigated without a specific spatial frame. Inthis case, the Austrian province (Land) Oberà ¶sterreich was selected for two main reasons. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Availability of suitable travel survey data: The provincial government of Up-per Austria conducted a very detailed and quantitatively rich travel survey in1992, whose data was available for the study. Additional spatial variables foreach municipality were added. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Small Austria: Upper Austria can be regarded as a scale model of Austria.All regional types which can be found in Austria also can be found in UpperAustria a big agglomeration from an Austrian perspective, alpine regions, in-dustrial areas and less developed rural regions. Page 5 2.1 General description Upper Austria is one of the nine Austrian provinces. It is located west of Vienna, east of Mu-nich and south of Prague. It has a size of 12000 km ² and about 1.3 million inhabitants. At avery general level Upper Austria can be divided into three parts into the Bà ¶hmische Massivin the north of Upper Austria, the Alpenvorland in the centre of the province and the Alps inthe south.The northern part of Upper Austria is disadvantaged in several ways. This area is neither wellsuited for agriculture nor for tourism. Additionally the border to the Czech Republic wasclosed for the five decades of the Cold War. As a result, the opportunities for industrial de-velopment after World War II were limited. The situation is different in the other parts of Up-per Austria. The Alpenvorland is the centre of agriculture and industry, including a number oflarge scale factory complexes in the main cities. Half of the population lives in the Alpen-vorland, and 13 of the 15 largest towns are situated here. The Alps, especially the Salzkam-mergut with its lakes and the skiing areas, are dependent on tourism, including second-homeownership.Upper Austria consists of 15 districts, three cities with district status (Linz, Steyr and Wels)and 445 incorporated municipalities. The respective district capitals are both centres of thelocal administration, as well as of shopping and industrial location for their area. Linz is thecapital of the province and by far its largest city. The 445 municipalities are very different intheir spatial, socio-demographic and economic characteristics. The provinces overall struc-ture can be characterised as follows (see Table 1 for a more detailed description of the spatialattributes). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Distribution of the inhabitants: 26% of the municipalities have less than 1000inhabitants, 40% of the municipalities have between 1000 and 2000 inhabitantsand further 18% of the municipalities have between 2000 and 3000 inhabitants.Only one municipality has more than 100000 inhabitants Linz. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Location of the municipalities: The location of a municipality can be describedby two distance-variables the distance to the relevant district capital and thedistance to Linz. For the districts along the border to the Land Salzburg, Salz-burg is the relevant main centre for employment and shopping. The distance toSalzburg replaces the distance to Linz for all municipalities, where more resi-dents recorded trips to Salzburg than to Linz. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Number of accessible facilities: The number of accessible facilities is a meas-ure for the supply of activity opportunities for a particular household. It is high,if a household can reach a shop, a supermarket, a bank, a post-office, a kinder- Page 6 garten, school, a pharmacy and a doctor in walking-distance (ten minutes). Itequals zero, if the household cannot reach any facility within this time. In everymunicipality there are at least some households which cannot reach any facilitywithin a reasonable walking distance. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Share of working women: Between 25 and 50% of the women in a municipal-ity are working. This variable is used in the models, because it characterises theimportance of the traditional nuclear family and the sex-specific division of la-bour within the municipalities. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Commuting: Because workplaces are mainly concentrated in Linz and the dis-trict capitals, people in the small villages often have to commute. In some mu-nicipalities more than 80% of the working adults are commuters. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Share of farms: In some communities, the agriculture is still dominant indicat-ing a relatively low state of development. The importance of the agriculture maynot only be shown by its share of employees, but also by the share of farmsamong all buildings. The latter variable is especially interesting because manyfarms are run by farmers on a part-time basis.Table 1Descriptive statistics for the municipalities of Upper Austria (445 municipalities) MeanStandarddeviationMinimumMaximumNumber of inhabitants308110530245208727Distance to district capital1710059Distance to Linz (Salzburg)46210143Number of reachable facilities (mu-nicipality level)2.61.407.2Number of reachable facilities(household)3.93.208Share of farms1912069Share of commuters62111584Share of working women3642550 These figures are calculated for each single municipality without considering the neighbour-ing municipalities and their attributes. Statements across municipal borders can be made byapplying accessibility-measures. Page 7 2.2 Accessibility measures There is a wide range of possible definitions for the term accessibility, such as the potentialof opportunities for interaction, the ease of spatial interaction or the attractiveness of anode in a network taking into Travel is derived from activities that involve people participating in things such as school, work, sport, shopping, social events leisure. Activities that is non-discretionary such as work and school can be explained in part by the travelers socio-demographic characteristics and generalized travel cost (Hackney and Marchal, 2007). Other things not easily predictable are long term decisions such as moving to a particular town, participating in other activities etc, the reported purpose for a large number of trips are social and leisure ranging from 25 to 40% for various countries (Axhausen 2006). Interest people in activities participation is as well driven by our changing use of information communication technology, the need for physically visiting places is drastically reduced by the use of internet for activities such as banking, shopping and participating in online communication or conversation and in overall, it affects peoples travel behaviors. People could change their activity schedules and their transport plans on the fly as a result of receiving information via a mobile phone whilst traveling or participating in an activity outside the home. A graphic representation of individuals and their relationship could be seen in social network, if these social networks are well understood it will lead to a better prediction of social activity schedules and forecast of travel patterns and demand for urban facilities more especially those that have to do with social and leisure activities. The understanding of these social networks comes in handy in influencing the urban design of residential areas and public spaces in order to encourage participation in social leisure activities in local communities. Trip destination is determined by the members of ones social network because that is where the social activities go towards. Mc Pherson et, al. (2001) defined homophile as principle that contact between similar people occurs at a higher rate than among dissimilar people, some of the attributes used as similar measures includes age, social class, occupation, abilities etc. distance plays a key role in the maintenance of relationships. McPherson et al (2001) claim that the most basic source of homophily is space because according to him we are more likely to have contact with those who are closer to us in geographic distance than those who are distant. People influence each other by providing information or observing behavior eg a friend tells you about a barbing saloon and you wish to go get a haircut there. Other factors that indirectly influence travel behaviors includes moving closer to ones workplace, family or choice of vehicle. Greater proportion of travel has to do with social/leisure purposes; there is every need to understand the reason behind these. Agent based modeling is commonly used for applications where the behavior and intentions of heterogeneous individuals as well interactions between individuals is required. Lists of attributes have been presented by Bonabeau (2002) and Macaland North (2006) that systems should possess in order for agent based modeling to be considered include; relationship form and dissolve, agents have dynamic relationship with other agents, agents have a spatial component to their behaviors and interactions . These are complex relationships and interactions between individuals and the individuals situated ness in an urban environment, each agent will have some level of satisfaction and will derive utility from sharing objectives, if along the line they are not satisfied with this current situation, then they will try to change it. The same applies to their involvement in the community, it depends on their needs The environment has a network representation derived from the actual road network. These links contain attributes for the actual distance and ideas of travel times for different modes. Nodes exist at a point in space and mostly contain location that represent where joint activities take place or can be undertaken; there are different types of location and each type has a set of attributes, the major distinction between private and public residence (eg museums, parks, restaurants, gyms etc) they have opening hours Personal social network defines each persons acquaintances, each pair has a type of relationship (eg friend, work etc) and can also tell how long they have seen each other, this model also contain neighborhood, here groups are formal and informal clubs that the individual is a member of eg special interest clubs, sports club etc, here the individual is effectively connected to many people, some connections may remain as friends even when the individual has left the club, t